Study Guide & Educational Overview
### Roman Historical Milestones:
* **The Republic (509–27 BC)**: Overthrow of the Tarquin monarchy; patrician vs plebeian Conflict of the Orders; the Twelve Tables; Punic Wars against Carthage (Hannibal defeated by Scipio at Zama 202 BC).
* **Fall of the Republic**: Marian military reforms; Spartacus revolt; First Triumvirate (Caesar, Pompey, Crassus); Caesar crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC; assassination on the Ides of March 44 BC.
* **The Empire & Principate**: Octavian defeats Mark Antony at Actium (31 BC) and becomes Augustus (27 BC); Pax Romana; Five Good Emperors (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius); empire reaches peak under Trajan (117 AD).
* **Decline & Fall**: Third Century Crisis; Diocletian's Tetrarchy; Constantine legalizes Christianity (Edict of Milan 313 AD) and founds Constantinople; sacks by Alaric (410) and Genseric (455); Romulus Augustulus deposed by Odoacer in 476 AD.
* **The Republic (509–27 BC)**: Overthrow of the Tarquin monarchy; patrician vs plebeian Conflict of the Orders; the Twelve Tables; Punic Wars against Carthage (Hannibal defeated by Scipio at Zama 202 BC).
* **Fall of the Republic**: Marian military reforms; Spartacus revolt; First Triumvirate (Caesar, Pompey, Crassus); Caesar crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC; assassination on the Ides of March 44 BC.
* **The Empire & Principate**: Octavian defeats Mark Antony at Actium (31 BC) and becomes Augustus (27 BC); Pax Romana; Five Good Emperors (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius); empire reaches peak under Trajan (117 AD).
* **Decline & Fall**: Third Century Crisis; Diocletian's Tetrarchy; Constantine legalizes Christianity (Edict of Milan 313 AD) and founds Constantinople; sacks by Alaric (410) and Genseric (455); Romulus Augustulus deposed by Odoacer in 476 AD.
Frequently Asked Questions
Senatus Populusque Romanus, translating to "The Senate and People of Rome", the sovereign symbol of the Republic.
The Flavian Amphitheatre (Amphitheatrum Flavium), built under emperors Vespasian and Titus.
