Study Guide & Educational Overview
### Milestone Explorers & Discoveries:
* **Maritime Breakthroughs**:
* *1492*: Christopher Columbus reaches the Bahamas.
* *1494*: Treaty of Tordesillas divides New World between Spain and Portugal.
* *1498*: Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut, India, around Africa.
* *1519–1522*: Magellan-Elcano expedition completes first global circumnavigation.
* **The Scientific Revolution**:
* *Nicolaus Copernicus (1543)*: Heliocentric model displacing Ptolemaic geocentrism.
* *Johannes Kepler (1609)*: Laws of elliptical planetary orbits.
* *Galileo Galilei (1610)*: Telescopic discoveries of Jupiter's moons, Venus' phases, sunspots.
* *Sir Isaac Newton (1687)*: *Principia Mathematica*, formulating universal gravitation and three laws of motion.
* *Robert Hooke (1665)* & *Antonie van Leeuwenhoek*: Microscopic discovery of cells and microorganisms.
* **Maritime Breakthroughs**:
* *1492*: Christopher Columbus reaches the Bahamas.
* *1494*: Treaty of Tordesillas divides New World between Spain and Portugal.
* *1498*: Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut, India, around Africa.
* *1519–1522*: Magellan-Elcano expedition completes first global circumnavigation.
* **The Scientific Revolution**:
* *Nicolaus Copernicus (1543)*: Heliocentric model displacing Ptolemaic geocentrism.
* *Johannes Kepler (1609)*: Laws of elliptical planetary orbits.
* *Galileo Galilei (1610)*: Telescopic discoveries of Jupiter's moons, Venus' phases, sunspots.
* *Sir Isaac Newton (1687)*: *Principia Mathematica*, formulating universal gravitation and three laws of motion.
* *Robert Hooke (1665)* & *Antonie van Leeuwenhoek*: Microscopic discovery of cells and microorganisms.
Frequently Asked Questions
Spanish Basque navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano took command of the surviving ship Victoria and guided 18 crew members back to Spain in September 1522.
The widespread exchange of plants, animals, culture, populations, and infectious diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres following Columbus's 1492 voyage.
